Hadees Ki Tareef.
Lugwi Maani : “ Nayi Cheez” , Aur “Baat Karna” Istelahi Maani : Huzur ﷺ Ke Qaul ,Feyl ,Taqreer Ya Sifat Wa Haal Ko Hadees Kehte Hai, Aur Kabhi Isko “Khabar” Bhi Kehte Hai. Lekin Baaz Muhaddiseen Ne Hadees Aur Khabar Me Aam Aur Khaas Ka Farq Kiya Hai , Yaani Inke Nazdeek Har Hadees Khabar Hai Lekin Harr Khabar Hadees Nahi Hai. Tambhi : Khabar Aur Hadees , Umooman Huzur ﷺ K Qaul , Fayl Aur Taqreer Par Bola Jaata Hai, Aur Asar , Umooman Sahaba (رضی اللہ تعالیٰ علیہم اجمعین) Ke Qaul , Feyl Aur Taqreer Par Bola Jaata Hai.
Sanad Aur Matan
Sanad Kise Kahte Hain? Kisi Hadees Ko Nabi Sallallahu Alaihe Wasallam Se Kis Sahabi Ne Suna Phir Unse Kisne Suna Phir Unse Kisne Suna Ye Silsila Barhte Hue Muhaddis/Musannif Tak Aajata Hai. Iss Tarah Muhaddis Tak Wo Hadees Jitne Logo Ke Zariye Ho kar Pahuchi, Unn Sare Logon Ki Ek Chain Banti Hai Uss Chain Ko Hi Sanad Kehte Hain. Maslan Imam Bukhari Ki Paidaish 194 Hijri Me Hui Aap Jab Bade Hue Phir Aapne Hadeesein Likhna Shuru Kiya Zahir Baat Hai Ki Aapne Na To Hadees Uss Daur Me Nabi ﷺ Se Suni Ho Sakti Hai Aur Na Kisi Sahabi Se Kyunki Sahaba Ka Zamana Bhi Riwayato'n Ke Mutabiq 109 Hijri Me Khatam Ho Gaya Tha. Toh Zarur Imam Bukhari Ko Ye Riwayat Jis Ustad Se Mili Uss Ustad Ne Bhi Apne Ustad Se Suna Hoga Aur Phir Unhone Apne Ustad Phir Ye Silsila Tabaiee'n Phir Sahabi Tak Aayega Phir Nabi ﷺ Tak Mil Jayega. Iss Tarah Kisi Hadees Ko Likhne Ke Liye Ek Sanad Mutassil Hoti Hai.
Matan Kise Kehte Hain?
Kisi Sanad Ke Zariye Jo Baat Ham Tak Pahuchti Hai Wo Matan Kehlati Hai Yani Jo Masla Bayan Ho Rha Hai Woh Matan Hai Aur Jis Chain Ke Zariye Se Wo Ham Tak Pahucha Woh Chain Sanad Hai.
Sanad Wa Matan Ka Example.
Imam Bukhari رضي الله عنه Ne Ek Hadees Likha :
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو اليَمَانِ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، لاَ يُؤْمِنُ أَحَدُكُمْ حَتَّى أَكُونَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ وَالِدِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ»
Nabi ﷺ Ne Farmaya Qasam hai Uski Jiske Qabza E Qudrat Me Meri Jaan Hai Tum Me Se Koi Shaks Uss Waqt Momin Nahi Ho Sakta Jab Tak Woh Mujhe Apne Maa Baap Se Badhkar Na Chahe. Iss Hadees Ko Likhne Ke Liye Pehle Sanad Likha Ki Imam Bukhari Ko Yeh Hadees Kaise Mili Kiske Zariye Mili To Aapne Sabke Naam Likhe.
Haddasana Abul Yaman Yani Mujhse Abul Yamaan Ne Bayan Kiya Phir Unke Baad Ek Naam Likha Ki Unhone Abul Yamaan Se Bayan Kiya Iss Tarah Puri Sanad Nabi ﷺ Tak Pahuchayi.
To Isme Haddasana Abul Yamaan Se Lekar Abu Hurairah رضي الله عنه Tak Sanad Ka Hissa Hai Aur Aage Unhone Jo Nabi ﷺ Ke Hawale Se Bayan Kiya Usko Matan Kahenge.
Tadaad E Sanad Ke Etbar Se Iqsam E Hadees Tadad E Sanad Ke Etbar Se Hadees Ke 4 Iqsam Hain.
1)Ghareeb Hadees 2)Azeez Hadees: 3)Mashhur/Mustafiz Hadees 4)Mutawatir.
(1).Ghareeb Hadees:
Jis Hadees Ki Hamare Paas Ek Sanad Hoti He Us Hadees Ko Usool E Hadees Me Ghareeb Hadees Kehte Hain.
(2).Azeez Hadees:
Jis Hadees K Liye Hamare Paas Do Sanaden Hoti Hain Us Hadees Ko Usool E Hadees Me Azeez Hadees Kehte Hain.
(3).Mashhur/Mustafiz Hadees:
Jis Hadees Ki Hamare Paas Do Se Zyada Sanadein Hoti Hain Yani 3, Us Hadees Ko Usool E Hadees Me Mashhur Ya Mustafeez Hadees Kehte Hain.
(4).Mutawatir:
Jiss Hadees Ke Hamare Paas Be Shumar Sanadein Hoti Hain Yani 4 Se 40 Tak, Use Mutawatir Hadees Kehte Hain, Aur Isko Har Zamane Me Muhaddiseen Ne Riwayat Kiya Hota Hai Aur Kisi Hadees Ka Mutawatir Hona Hadees Ki Sehat Ka Sabse A'ala Darja Hota Hai.
Hadees Ghareeb Ki Wazahat.
Jis Hadees Ko Riwayat Karne Me Koi Rawi Akela Hota Hai Aur Us Hadees Ka Dusra Koi Subut Nahi Milta Toh Woh Hadees Muhaddiseen Ki Istilah Me Gharib Kehlayegi Jaise,
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو اليَمَانِ، قَالَ: أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الزِّنَادِ، عَنِ الأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «فَوَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، لاَ يُؤْمِنُ أَحَدُكُمْ حَتَّى أَكُونَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ وَالِدِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ»
Ye Ek Hadees Bukhari Me Iss Sanad Se Imam Bukhari Ne Naqal Kiya.
Yehi Mafoom Ki Hadees Dusri Sanad Se Likha.
حَدَّثَنَا يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ عُلَيَّةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ العَزِيزِ بْنِ صُهَيْبٍ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، ح وحَدَّثَنَا آدَمُ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «لاَ يُؤْمِنُ أَحَدُكُمْ، حَتَّى أَكُونَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ وَالِدِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ
Ab Bazahir Samne Is Hadees Ki 2 Sanad Ho Gayin To Isey Azeez Kahenge. Iss Tarah Agar 1 Hadees Par 3 Sanad Hon To Mashhur Ya Mustafiz Kaha Jayega Phir Mazid Hon To Mutawatir Me Rakha Jayega.
Jo Hadees Mutawatir Na Ho Usko Khabar Wahid Me Shumar Kiyaa Jata Hai Yani. Hadees Ghareeb Hadees Aziz Hadees Mustafiz Ye Teeno Khabar Wahid Ki Iqsam Hain Halaki Ye Sabhi Apni Jagah Par Khas Ahmiyat Rakhti Hain.
Tadad E Sanad Ke Etbar Se Quwwat E Hadees: Kisi Ek Hadees Ki Jitni Zyada Isnad Hongi Hadees Utni Mazboot Hogi Mazbooti K Lihaz Se Ye Tarteeb Hogi 1: Mutawatir 2: Mashhur 3: Aziz 4: Ghareeb Sanad Zyada Hone Se Hadees Ke Gawah (Bataur Rawi) Barh Jate Hain Isliye Zyada Gawaho Ki Waja Se Mazbuti Ka Yaqin Zyada Barh Jata Hy.
Abhi Hamne Tadad E Sanad Ke Etbar Se Hadees K Iqsam Parhe Ab Riwayat Ko Sehat Ke Etbar Se Iqsam Padhenge.
Kisi Riwayat Ke Sehat Ke Aitbar Se 4 Iqsam Hote Hain. 1: Sahih 2: Hasan 3: Zaeef 4: Mauzu
Shih Hadees ke 2 Aqsam Hain. 1.Sahih Lizaatihi 2.Sahih Lighairihi
Tareef Sahih Lezatihi:
Jis Riwayat Ke Sabhi Rawi Aadil, Zaabit Ho, Sanad Mutassil Ho Yani Musannif Se Lekar Nabi ﷺ Tak Sare Rawi Ek Dusre Se Jude Hue Ho, Koi Rawi Bich Se Saqit Na Ho Aur Hadees Ka Matan Ghair Shaaz Ho. Yani Koi Rawi Kisi Dusri Hadees Ke Behtar Rawi Ki Mukhalifat Na Karta Ho. Aisi Hadees Sahih Lezatihi Hogi Aadil Rawi Kaun Hai? Jawab : Yani Nek Muttaqi Imaandar Ho. Kisi Fisq-O-Bidat Me Uska Naam Na Shamil Ho. Zabit Rawi Kaun Hai? Jawab : Yani Hadeeso Ko Itne Aachhe Se Zabt Kiya Ho Ki Jab Chahe Bayan Kar De Bina Kisi Rukawat Ke
Rawi Saqit Na Ho Matlab Sanad Me Jis Tarah Rawiyo Ke Naam Tarteeb Se Likhe Ho Unki Apas Me Mulaqat Sabit Honi Chahiye Agar Mulaqat Sabit Nahi Hai To Woh Ek Dusre Se Usuli Taur Pe Sanad Me Jud Nahi Sakte To Aise Me Jab Zaid Ne Amru Se Mulaqat Kiya Hi Nahi To Usse Hadees Zaid Ko Kaise Mili? Aur Jab Zaid Ko Usse Milna Muhal Hua To Zarur Dono Ke Beech Koi Aur Rawi Hoga Jiska Naam Sanad Me Gayab Hai.
Apas Me Mulaqat Na Hone Ki Kayi Wajah Ho Sakti Hain: 1.Dono Rawi Alag Alag Mulk Ke Ho Aur Kabhi Ek Dusre Ke Mulk Jane Ka Ittefaq Nahi Hua. 2 Amru Ka Inteqal 50 Hijri Me Hua Aur Zaid Ki Paidaish Hi 51 Hijri Me Ho To Bhi Kaise Mulaqat Ho Sakti Hai? Aisi Aur B Wujuhat Hain Jo Aage Behes Ke Stages Par Bataya Jayega. Rawi Saqit Hai To Yani Sanad Tuti Hui Hai. Mutassil Nahi Hai Aur Gayab Rawi Kaun Hai Hame Nahi Pata To Yeh B Nahi Pata Ki Woh Sachha Hai Ya Jhuta, Aadil Zabit Hai Ya Kamzor Is Bina Pe Wo Hadees Mashkuk Ho Gayi Jisme Koi Rawi Gayab Hai. So Wo Hadees Zaeef Kehlayegi
Sahih Leghairihi.
Isme Sirf Rawioyn Ke Zabt Me Kami Hogi Yani Jis Riwayat Me Puri Shartein Sahih Lezatihi Ki Ho, Bas Rawi Ke Zabt Me Agar Kami Hai Magar Yeh Kami Dusri Sahih Sanad Ke Support Milne Se Puri Ho Jaaye To Wo Sahih Leghairihi Ke Category Me Aa Jayegi.
Hasan Hadees Ke Bhi 2 Iqsam Hain.
Hasan Lezatihi :
Yani Jis Riwayat Me Puri Shartein Sahih Lezatihi Ki Ho, Bas Rawi Ke Zabt Me Agar Kami Hai Ya Apni Haisiat Me Sahih Lezatihi Se Kamtar Hai. Magar Kisi Sahih Lezatihi Ki Sanad Ki Tadaad Badhane Ke Liye Isko Pesh Kiya Jaa Sakta Hai.
Hasan Legairihi.
Jiski Sanad Me Koi Rawi Zaeef/Majhool/Mudallis Ho, Magar Dusri Sanad Se Us Rawi Ki Mutabeat Ho Jaaye.
Shaaz Wa Munkir Ki Ta’reef:
Shaaz: Koi Siqah Rawi Jab Apne Se Zyada Siqah Rawi Ki Mukhalifat Kare Tab Marjooh Hadees Shaaz Hogi Aur Raajeh Hadees Ko Mahfooz Kaha Jayega. Hadees Munkir: Jab Koi Zaeef Rawi Kisi Dusre Siqah Rawi Ki Mukhalifat Kare Tab Marjooh Hadees Munkir Kehlayegi Aur Agli Hadees Ma'roof Hogi. Shaaz Wa Munkir Me Ye Halka Sa Farq Hai Yaad Kar Len. Ye Dono Zaeef Ki Qism Me Se Hain.
